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Cardinal Okogie To Buhari: Beware Of Wolves In Sheep Clothing, Sycophants, Political Jobbers

Okogie Anthony

The Archbishop Emeritus of the Catholic Archdiocese of Lagos, Cardinal Anthony Okogie has advised the President-elect, Muhammadu Buhari, to beware of those he called wolves in sheep clothing, sycophants and political jobbers as he set to assume office on May 29.

Okogie in a statement today in Lagos descried such characters in the Nigerian political landscape as those who jumped ship to identify with the winning party.

“Now that the euphoria of electoral victory is over and with some days to the handover ceremony, the president-elect should get to work and hit the ground running without further delay.

“He does not have the luxury of time. He should not be distracted by the litany of requests, demands, recommendations, unrealistic expectations, and open letters at his table and in the media.

“He should also be mindful of the promises and commitments he makes as he receives delegations from different states, various bodies and interest groups.

“He should be wary of wolves in sheep clothing, sycophants and all the political jobbers who jumped ship to identify with the winning party,’’ the statement said.

“Yes, he will listen to all but must evaluate the motives, intentions and the principles underlying the request being made.

“As William Shakespeare succinctly opined `give everyman thy ear but few thy voice. Take each mans’ censure but reserve thy judgment.’’

The cleric also advised the President-elect to strive to fulfil his manifesto, saying: “before the elections, General Muhammadu Buhari, during his campaign, promised to fight corruption, provide security and deliver on the economy. These are key areas that he must address with immediate alacrity.

“If he keeps to his words and pursue these three pillars of his manifesto to their logical conclusion, Nigeria will surely witness a tremendous growth and development in its national life.

“This will impact positively on infrastructure, public service, education, healthcare, power supply and foreign policy.

“He will not only succeed in steering the nation in the right direction, he will restore the lost dignity of government in Nigeria and deliver the dividend of democracy.”

Okogie reminded Buhari that expectations at home and abroad are high, and expressed confidence that though he is not a magician or miracle worker that would solve all of Nigeria’s problems in four years, but that he would make a great impact. [myad]

 

Jonathan Opens Up: Why I Avoided Conflicts After March 28 Election

President Jonathan & VP Sambo in a group photo with African Ambassadors during a courtesy visit, State House, May 20.
President Jonathan & VP Sambo in a group photo with African Ambassadors during a courtesy visit, State House, May 20.

President Goodluck Jonathan has finally come up with the reasons why he conceded electoral defeat and thus stemmed crisis in the country even before the result of the March 28 Nigeria’s Presidential election was announced.

“I have been involved in solving many problems in African countries for more than five years and I know the enormity and cost of conflicts, especially on the citizenry. We cannot afford that in Nigeria.

“If we were to have a political conflict in Nigeria, I am not sure the sub-region will be able to accommodate our citizens. My commitment is to always put the country before my personal ambition and that is what I have demonstrated.”

President Jonathan spoke today when he hosted, at the Presidential Villa, Abuja, members of the African Ambassadors Group, who were on a farewell and solidarity visit to him.

President Jonathan, who said he would always be committed to strengthening democracy in Nigeria and Africa, said that his decision to concede victory was also to show example to the world that democracy can survive and thrive in Africa without conflicts.

“I believe that character matters in leadership. And it is not just about who becomes the president of a country, but somebody has to be there and the person needs the support of all to succeed. I made a choice to keep the country away from conflict.

“I have always advised other African leaders that we will need to have a country before we can have the ambition to become presidents. We don’t have to expose our people to deaths because we want to stay in power. Some people hold on to power, may be, for fear of the unknown.”

President Jonathan then emphasized the need for the global community and Nigerians to support the incoming government of President-elect Muhammadu Buhari, stressing that the new President will need the cooperation and commitment of the global community and Nigerians to effectively deliver on his promises to the people.

“The President-elect is not new to governance in Africa so I want you to show the same commitment to him as you have to me. The President-elect knows that our commitment is always to project Africa. I am urging you to extend the same warmth and solidarity you have shown to me to him.”

President Jonathan enjoined African leaders to encourage trade within the continent by building infrastructures and institutions that promote trade and relationships.

The President recalled working extensively for more than five years with other African Presidents to forestall crisis in some African countries, especially in the West African sub-region, and also leading peace efforts in some of the countries like Cote ‘d’Ivoire, Mali and Guinea Bissau.

responding, the Dean of Diplomatic Corps in Nigeria, Oubi Bochir, commended President Jonathan’s high sense of patriotism, statesmanship and transparency in the last general elections, saying that he won the heart and minds of all Nigerians and Africans after the elections.

“Let us make it clear, that within the Nigerian and African context and the example your Excellency has set, there was no loser in the elections but winners. The President-elect by winning the majority of votes, and the incumbent in establishing a long lasting legacy by winning the hearts and minds of all Nigerians and Africans.”

Mr. Bochir, who is the Ambassador of Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) to Nigeria, extolled President Jonathan for making a single phone call that saved the country from political conflict, restored confidence in African democracy and left a benchmark for other countries to follow.

The Dean of the Diplomatic Corps was accompanied on the visit by eight other ambassadors from Cameroon, Liberia, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, South Africa, South Sudan, Namibia and Ethiopia. [myad]

7 Banks Fined $10 Billion In America, Europe For Foreign Exchange Rate Manipulations

Britain’s bank bosses to get millions in share payments to dodge bonus cap

Authorities in the United States and Europe have fined a total of seven banks over $10 billion for failing to stop their forex traders from sharing confidential information about client orders and coordinating trades to boost their own profits.

Traders at Citigroup , JP Morgan , Barclays and Royal Bank of Scotland, who described themselves as “The Cartel,” used an invitation-only electronic chatroom and coded language to manipulate the price of U.S. dollars and euros between December 2007 and January 2013, according to U.S authorities.

Four of the banks pleaded guilty to conspiring to manipulate the foreign exchange market.

The misconduct occurred after regulators had started punishing banks for rigging the London interbank offered rate (Libor), an interest rate benchmark.

Britain’s Barclays faced the biggest fine today with a penalty of $2.4 billion because it did not join in an earlier November settlement with British and some U.S. authorities due to complications with its regulator in New York.

Barclays sacked eight employees as part of its settlement and New York’s Superintendent of Financial Services warned that it was still probing the bank’s use of electronic systems for foreign exchange trading, which make up the vast majority of transactions in the market.

“Put simply, Barclays employees helped rig the foreign exchange market. They engaged in a brazen ‘heads I win, tails you lose’ scheme to rip off their clients,” Benjamin Lawsky said in a statement. “While today’s action concerns misconduct in spot trading, there is additional work ahead.”

Barclays had set aside $3.2 billion to cover any forex related settlement. Shares in the bank rose more than two percent.

Swiss bank UBS , which avoided a guilty plea over the forex debacle, pleaded guilty instead to one count of wire fraud and will pay a $203 million fine for its role in rigging Libor after its involvement in the forex scandal breached an earlier DOJ agreement.

Switzerland’s largest bank also had to pay $342 million to the Federal Reserve over attempted manipulation of forex rates.

The U.S. central bank fined six banks for unsafe and unsound practices in the foreign exchange markets, including a $205 million fine for Bank of America , which, like UBS, avoided a guilty plea.

UBS’s penalty was lower than expected and this contributed to a more than three percent rise in UBS shares to their highest level in six and a half years.

The global investigation into manipulation of foreign exchange rates has put the largely unregulated forex market on a tighter leash and accelerated a push to automate trading. Authorities in South Africa announced this week they were opening their own probe.

Transcripts of online chat rooms made public today demonstrated the clubby, audacious nature of the dealing desks with one employee at Barclays remarking, “If you ain’t cheating, you ain’t trying.” [myad]

Vice President-Elect Laments: Nigeria Has Been Reduced To Pauper Nation

Prof Osinbajo

The Vice President-elect, Professor Yomi Osinbajo has lamented that Nigeria’s economy is in its worst shape in history even as 110 million Nigerians have been thrown into what he called extreme poverty.

Professor Osinbajo said today at the opening of a 2-day Policy Dialogue on the Implementation of the Agenda for Change, in Abuja that the nation’s local and international debt profile is currently US$60billion with a 2015 debt serving bill of N953.6billion, representing 21 per cent of the 2015 budget.

According to him, an estimated 110 million, out of the nation’s over 170 million population, live in extreme poverty while the largest chunk of the benefits of our national wealth accrues to a small percentage of the population.

He said that the nation’s dwindling oil revenues has made it difficult for two thirds of Nigeria’s  36 states to pay salaries, adding: “we are concerned that our economy is currently in, perhaps, its worst moment in history. Local and international debts stand at US$ 60 billion.

“Our debt servicing bill for 2015 is N953.6 billion, 21 per cent of our budget. On account of severely dwindled resources, over two-thirds of the states in Nigeria owe salaries.

“Federal institutions are not in much better shape. Today, the nation borrows to fund recurrent expenditure.”

Professor Osinbajo said that against the backdrop of a highly unequal society in which, by some reckoning, the largest percentage of the benefits of the national wealth accrues to a small group within our population.

He said that the manifesto of the All Progressives Congress (APC) offers a vision of shared prosperity and socio-economic inclusion for all Nigerians that leaves no one behind in the pursuit of a prosperous and fulfilling life, adding that the goal of the policy dialogue is to interrogate the positions and propositions before a wider audience and to lunch a robust public conversation on policy directions and priorities that will help inform the incoming administration’s approach in the next four years.

He said that the forum exemplifies the sort of consultative and consensual approach to policy-making that the APC and the new administration intend to model in office.

The Vice President elect said that sessions during the dialogue would explore a wide range of policy priorities including the diversification of the economy in the wake of dwindling oil revenues.

In order to achieve this, he said, the administration intends to engender job-led growth through the revitalisation of agriculture in pursuit of job creation and food security, improving the regulatory frameworks in the most strategic sphere of economic activity.

Earlier, a former Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Mr. Peter Mandelson, who represented former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, advised the incoming administration, to take advantage of its current level of public support to take hard decisions.

He explained that with the current state of affairs, the task ahead of the incoming administration was indeed a daunting one.

Drawing from the experiences of the Labour Party in Britain, Mr. Peter Mandelson said, the first rule of governance is “Be true to your word; be true to your mandate.”

He advised the Buhari-led administration not to be afraid to take hard decisions but that it must remain mindful of the timing of such decisions.

Mandelson also advised the administration not to attempt to do everything at once but ensure that things are done with proper planning along with a commitment to delivery. [myad]

Xenophobic Attacks: President Zuma Ignores Nigeria, Apologizes To Mozambicans

Zuma

South African President, Jacob Zuma appeared to have ignored Nigeria even as he went ahead today to apologized to Mozambicans for the recent outbreak of xenophobic violence in which at least seven people died and hundreds of migrants were forced to flee their homes.

In the attacks, many Nigerians in that country lost their valuables, including millions of cash and buildings.

Speaking at the start of a two-day state visit to Maputo, Zuma said the attacks, which included the murder of a Mozambican man captured by a press photographer “shocked us and disturbed us.

“I apologize on behalf of the small minority of South Africans involved in the violence. The Mozambicans are our brothers, our sisters, that’s like a family problem really.”

Rampant unemployment and poverty are seen as contributing to the violence by South Africans, who accuse migrants from Mozambique and other neighbouring countries of stealing their jobs.

Since the end of apartheid 21 years ago, South Africa has attracted millions of migrants seeking a better life in the continent’s most advanced economy.

Zuma pledged to address what he called “some of the underlying factors” to ensure that the attacks against foreigners did not erupt again. He did not elaborate.

While condemning the violence, South Africa has also cracked down in a series of raids in which 1,650 illegal immigrants have been arrested.

More than 400 Mozambicans were expelled on Friday and 427 others are slated to be deported soon. Zuma is in Maputo at the invitation of President Filipe Nyusi, with the visit set to focus on bilateral and regional cooperation. Mozambique is South Africa’s top trading partner in Africa, with two-way trade worth 43.9 billion rand ($3.7 billion) last year. [myad]

Emir Of Kano Takes A Royal Bow Before Alaafin Of Oyo

Royal bow

Emir of Kano, Alhaji Mohammed Sanusi Lamido 11 takes a royal bow before his royal host, Alaafin of Oyo, Oba Lamidi Adeyemi who recently returned from a royal vacation abroad… [myad]

Enough Of Jonathan’s Primitive Tendencies, By Tony Eluemunor

Tony

With just a few days to the May 29th handover date, I was sorely tempted not to write this article –after all President Goodluck Jonathan will on that day handover the presidency baton to General Muhammadu Buhari. But the out-going President has been exhibiting some feudalistic tendencies of late; sacking top government officials and refusing to give the nation any compelling reasons. Whatever explanations from his spokesman, Mr. Reuben Abati, are worse that no reasons at all.

To announce to the nation again and again that Jonathan had sacked yet another top-ranking official just because he had the power to do so is like saying that a dog bit someone just because it had the sharp teeth to so do. Nothing more! But a dog is an animal, is an animal, is an animal.

Yes, the President of any modern state has the power to hire and fire those who constitutionally are under him. But there are things in a modern state that ensure that people are not sacked whimsically. Also, it is part of what makes a state modern that an elected official, such as the President owes the public a duty to know how he runs the government, and especially why people are removed from elevated positions. If not, people may be weeded out of lawful employment for refusing to carry out unconstitutional assignments.

Put differently, there must be something in a modern state that makes a high official who has been doing his duty impeccably to expect to haves some modicum of what may be called job security.  And when an official is sacked, the public should be given some reasons for such drastic actions.

Instead, what Nigeria has witnessed since Jonathan lost the presidential election is the whimsical and erratic change of personnel in some areas of the nation’s public service. This is made most worrisome by the irrefutable fact that Jonathan has otherwise proved most lethargic in firing government appointees despite their most fundamental failures and despicable misapplications of office and devilish abuses of public trust and wanton corruption. So far, nobody involved in that scheme from hell that saw job applicants being asked to congregate in various stadia across the country for – wait for it- aptitude test, could attract the presidential hammer. The Minister of involved (that of the Interior) is still in office, for goodness sake.

The other Minister bought two cars for over two hundred thousand dollars and she was not asked to refund a dime. Now, she has been elected a Senator! Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation accounts are in tatters and Jonathan is not in any last-minute attempt to remedy it. So, with such lethargic track records in meting out discipline to appointees, the question must be provoked why Jonathan has suddenly discovered a penchant for swift disciplinary actions. And this discovery just hit him when he is left with only a few days to leave office. One may be tempted to reason that he is on a vengeance mission, to weed out officials who were found to be disloyal to him. As justifiable as that may seem, after all it is human that losing an election would hurt any so hard hit by fate, and he may be tempted to reward betrayers in kind.  But Nigeria matters much more than Jonathan, he should be in a position to differentiate between private and state matters and should also spare a thought for the incoming administration.

Beyond all else, Jonathan must be told that it is in the age when the divine right of kings to rule, and to do so as capriciously as emotion moved them, that such a behavior may have been justified. That a President should fire people for no other reason than that he has the power to so do, is to lay claim to the right to misuse presidential powers. And no modern day President is imbued with such powers. The Nigerian Constitution does not grant the President such powers. Instead, it mandates that power should be used for the common good, responsibly and that such a President should be accountable to the people. But Jonathan behaves as though he is above being accountable to anyone. That is why he does not give cogent reasons for sacking top government officials. And this is, to say it lightly, feudalistic and totally primitive.

Could somebody please remind Jonathan of this invaluable saying: “if you have a fight in you, save it for the dragon, don’t waste it on a paper tiger”. So, it is stupid for someone who wants to prove that he is ready to exercise his presidential powers till the very last day of his presidency so as not to prove a veritable lame duck, to whimsically sack appointees. No, that is the path of least resistance. An active till the last day Jonathan should be told that a spectra of evils abound in the land owing to his inactions and bad actions. One of them is a chronic lack of petrol – all across the country. He should take on this challenge and provide petrol to his luckless nation that was unlucky enough to have elected him President. Boko Harm terrorists appear to be bouncing back from the verge of defeat, attacking and bombing Nigerians at will within the past two weeks and no sense of outrage has been gleaned from the Jonathan.

No, he should be angry enough and strive to see that after six years of being Nigeria’s President, his greatest achievement should not be that he conceded defeat to Buhari.  And as he has thrown in the towel, conceding defeat also to the petrol importers, high foreign exchange rate, having five Inspector Generals of Police in six years with all the inherent shocks to the Police Force, owing N5 trillion in domestic debts (and so business is terribly dull now), having fluffed away the nation’s foreign reserves and excess crude oil revenue, etc, , he should learn to wait out the remainder of his days in office, with uncharacteristic and totally undeserved dignity.

Most of all, he should stop living in the past; Nigeria is not a savage feudal empire; it is a modern state where citizens deserve to know why high officials of state are fired or rewarded.  Could somebody please remind Jonathan that he is not king but a President who so spectacularly failed that his people refused to re-elect him? He should act with due humility for goodness sake. [myad]

Finally, Adamu Muázu Resigns As PDP National Chairman

PDP National Chairman, Adamu Muazu
PDP National Chairman, Adamu Muazu

The embattled national chairman of the ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), Alhaji Adamu Muázu has finally resigned.

In a letter to the Deputy National Chairman of the party today, Prince Uche Secondus, Muázu said that due to the disastrous performance of the party in the March 28 presidential election won by the opposition, it has become imperative for him to quit the stage so that peace may reign in the party.

He requested that Secondus should assume the office as the party’s Acting National Chairman.

There have been pressure mounted on Muázu since the election in which the party lost to the opposition All Progressives Congress (APC) Presidential candidate, General Muhammadu Buhari won the election.

Following the new development, the party’s National Working Committee (NWC) has summoned an emergency meeting. [myad]

 

Jonathan Seeks Support Of ECOWAS Leaders For General Buhari, As He Prepares To Bow Out

buhari and jonathan
President Goodluck Jonathan has solicited the support of the leaders of the Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) for the incoming President of Nigeria, General Muhammadu Buhari.
The President who spoke today at the 47th Ordinary Session of the Authority of Heads of States and Government of ECOWAS, held in Accra, Ghana, expressed appreciation for the understanding and cooperation that the leaders had accorded him all the years that he had served in the body, “especially during my tenure as the Chairman of our Organization between 2010 and 2012.”
He acknowledged that the personal rapport and chemistry that he enjoyed with each one of them greatly facilitated the decisions that were taken, and the concrete measures that he took on behalf of the sub-region.
“As the new Administration takes over, I am confident that the bonds of friendship between Nigeria and each member state of our cherished Organization and Nigeria’s role within ECOWAS, will grow even stronger. I urge you all to extend the same friendship and fraternal cooperation that I have received from you to my successor.”
President Jonathan, who noted with satisfaction that the future of ECOWAS and West Africa is in good, safe and capable hands, regretted however that lack of coordinated actions amongst members is threatening the body.
“Occasionally, our decision-making mechanisms which should, naturally inform our consensual positions on matters that touch on our collective and sub-regional interests is not always upheld.  “Occasionally, our solidarity seems to face severe tests in the face of individual discretions on critical issues. I recall here our disparate positions and actions at crucial moments on the crisis in Cote d’Ivoire in 2011, and also, the choice of a candidate for the post of President of the African Union in 2012.”
Jonathan recalled that during the last ECOWAS Session in Abuja, it was resolved, after due deliberations, that it should adopt a single candidate for the post of President of the African Development Bank (AfDB) but that today, “we have no less than four candidates from our sub-region alone vying for the post as against four candidates representing the other four regions of the continent.  Our experience with the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA), with the European Union (EU) is yet another example.
“This recurring disposition elicits negative signals from our partners and other regions of the continent.  It goes against the grain of the solidarity we all too often, display in dealing with other challenges. We must rise above it in the larger interest of our sub-region.” [myad]

Nigeria’s Elections: ECOWAS Leaders Admire President Jonathan, Say His Place In History Is Special

ecowasHeads of Governments under the umbrella of Economic Community Of West Africa (ECOWA) took turn today, at the 47th Ordinary Session of the Authority in Accra, Ghana praise President Goodluck Jonathan for the peaceful and successful conduct of the last general elections in Nigeria, saying his prompt concession of defeat, President has placed him in a special place of history of Nigeria’s democracy.
Chairman of the Authority of Heads of State and Government of ECOWAS and president of Ghana, John Mahama Dramani, fired the first shot of praise as he declared the 47th Ordinary Session of the Authority open.
Jonathan said he was commending Jonathan on behalf of the sub-regional body for his mature statesmanship, even as he congratulated General Muhammadu Buhari for his victory at the March 28 presidential election.
He observed that the success of the Nigerian election as well as that of Togo, has sent a strong message to the world that the ECOWAS protocol on democracy and good governance is working.
“At our last summit, I informed you that five member states of our sub-region would hold election this year. We are extremely proud of the elections held so far in two of our member states.
“I salute the people of Nigeria and Togo for the peaceful elections held in those countries. This sends a strong message to the world that our protocol on democracy and good governance is effective and has strengthened the rule of law in our sub-region.
“Let me on your behalf take this opportunity to highly commend our brother, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan for his personal show of mature statesmanship in the event that followed the presidential election held in Nigeria.
“I believe his name will be recorded in a special place when the history of Nigeria’s democracy comes to be written.
“Let me also on this occasion salute General Muhammadu Buhari for his victory in the presidential election.”
President Dramani noted the progress recorded in the fight against Boko Haram whose atrocities he said was unsurpassed anywhere in the world.
He regretted that Chibok girls have remained in the custody of the insurgents despite the rescue of over 1,000 people so far.
“Last year, Nigeria and Cameroon were caught in the spate of terrible attacks and atrocities by the terrorist group, Boko Haram. They freely attacked with impunity and abducted hundreds of women and children.
“The atrocities of this group have remained unsurpassed by any terrorist group anywhere in the world. Slaughters, beheading, rape, torture, abductions, bombings, looting and destruction of property have been the hallmark of this terrorist group.
“People, especially of north east Nigeria, have been subjected to a reign of terror.
“Today, thanks to the African Union and the multinational Joint Task Force formed by the Lake Chad Basin countries, a lot of progress has been made in the fight against Boko Haram.
“We are pleased to note the success in liberating the territories that Boko Haram dominated and the release of over 1000 people mostly women and children.
“The fight is however far from over. We have not yet secured the release of the young Chibok girls and Boko Haram has shown that it still has the capacity to counter attack.”
The Ghanaian president thanked the leadership of the Economic Community of the Central African States (ECAS) for their support and contribution to the fight against Boko Haram even as he looked forward to the proposed joint summit of ECOWAS and ECAS to formulate a joint plan for defeating and eventually eliminating the insurgents’ threat.
In a message by the Secretary General, Ban Ki Moon, read by his Special Representative, Muhammed Ibn Chambas, he also praised Jonathan for his contributions to regional peace and security.
“As this marks the final summit of President Goodluck Jonathan, I wish to send our sincere appreciation for his valuable contributions to regional integration, maintenance of peace and security in a West Africa, most notably in Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea and Mali.”
The UN Scribe also commended the smooth conduct of general elections in Nigeria and Togo with the close cooperation of ECOWAS.
He recognised the joint effort of Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon in the fight against Boko Haram, and paid tribute to the soldiers that lost their lives and expressed the world body’s deepest condolences to their families.
In his address, the President of the ECOWAS Commission, Kadre Desire Ouedraogo, commended the credibility Nigeria has brought to ECOWAS with the just concluded general election.
He said that the Commission would never forget the contributions of President Jonathan to the management and resolution of crises in West Africa.
“In that respect, I think firstly, of the increased credibility that ECOWAS has received due to the conduct of the presidential election in Nigeria and the manner in which it was concluded.
“We owe this to the choices made by two main players: President Goodkuck Ebele Jonathan and General Muhammadu Buhari to place the general interest of the country above theirs.
“In joining the well deserved tribute paid by the current chairman to the presidents and the Nigerian people, I also wish to express to them my very best wishes and sincere gratitude for the interest and attention they have paid to the recommendations made by our organization during the electoral process.
“In speaking particularly to His Excellency, President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, I wish to assure him that the commission will never forget his crucial contribution in the management and resolution of crises in Guinea Bissau, Mali, and Burkina Faso as well as in the fight against the Ebola virus disease among other challenging matters.
“I am confident that nothing will come to make us forget the great pride Nigeria has brought us only a few weeks ago.”
Present at the meeting were the leaders of Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Niger Republic, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Gambia, Cape Verde, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, and Republic of Benin.

[myad}

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